Researchers have reportedly identified the initial presence of an invasive barnacle species in the waters of Nunavut, signaling a potential impact of rising water temperatures. This discovery was detailed in a recent publication in the journal Global Change Biology. The researchers noted that the traditionally cold waters of the Arctic have historically hindered the migration of invasive species. However, with the Arctic warming at an accelerated rate compared to the rest of the planet, shipping routes are expanding, breaching the region’s natural defense against invasive species.
According to the study, shipping activities in parts of Arctic Canada have surged by more than 250% since 1990, facilitating the introduction of non-native species to the area. The bay barnacle (Amphibalanus improvisus), already prevalent in European and Pacific waters, was identified in ten different locations across Canada’s Arctic region. Betty Boyse, a molecular biologist affiliated with the British Antarctic Survey and a co-author of the study, conducted the research during voyages on cruise ships.
The majority of barnacles detected in the study were found near Pond Inlet, a key entry point to the Northwest Passage. Researchers utilized environmental DNA collected from the waters they traversed to identify the presence of barnacles, as they were not visually observed. By collecting seawater samples, the researchers could analyze shed skin cells and other biological materials to determine the species present.
Betty Boyse emphasized that while the bay barnacle may not single-handedly disrupt the ecosystem, its presence raises concerns about the vulnerability of the Arctic to invasive species. The Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) Canada acknowledged the study’s significance but highlighted the need for further monitoring and visual confirmation to ascertain if the detected DNA corresponds to live organisms.
DFO mentioned employing a combination of environmental DNA techniques, scientific research, and partnerships with Indigenous communities to monitor the introduction of invasive aquatic species in the Arctic. As the Arctic faces an increasing risk of invasive species due to expanding shipping routes, stakeholders advocate for proactive measures, such as enhanced monitoring and enforceable regulations for vessels entering the region.
Transport Canada referenced existing regulations related to pollution reporting and ballast water management standards. The government has also collaborated with the International Maritime Organization to establish guidelines for cleaning vessels and managing biofouling. In April 2025, Canada co-sponsored a proposal for the development of legally binding international measures for addressing ship biofouling.
